动名词作表语一般表示抽象的、习惯性的行为，这时主语与表语的位置可以互换。

照看婴儿是她的职责。Her duty is taking care of the babies,

 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐Our job is playing all kinds of music,

现在分词作表语，表明的是主语的性质与特征，相当于形容词，可有比较级形式，亦可被very, 或者quite,或者so,等副词修饰，这时主语与表语的位置不可互换

 他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋The music they are playing sounds exciting,

 我们昨晚看的电影十分感人。The film we saw last night is quite moving,

动名词作定语，表示该名词的用途或与其有关的动作，通常只能放在所修饰的名词前。

手杖 a walking stick,

阅览室reading room ,

洗衣机washing machine,

现在分词作定语，说明所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态，现在分词与所修饰的名词具有逻辑上的主谓关系，可换成定语从句来表达，单个的现在分词作定语常置于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语须置于被修饰的名词后。

没人能阻止那匹奔跑的马。Nobody can stop the running horse,

Nobody can stop the horse that is running,

正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。The student making the experiment is our monitor,

The student who is making the experiment is our monitor,

动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，这时宾语与宾补之间构成主谓关系，主要用于以下两类动词之后：

表示感觉和状态的动词，see,或者 hear,或者 feel, 或者smell, 或者watch,或者 find, 或者notice,或者，catch,或者，observe,等。

 我感到有人拍了拍我的肩膀I felt someone patting on the shoulder,

 我无意中发现一个陌生人溜进了经理的办公室。I caught a stranger sliding into the manager's office,

表示“指使”等意义的动词，have, 或者 set,或者  keep, 或者 get, 或者 leave,等

你认为你能修好这台收音机吗？Do you think you can get the radio working ?,

对不起，让你久等了I'm sorry to have kept you waiting long,

感官动词和使役动词后，除用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语外，还可以用省略to 的不定式（强调动作的完成，指全过程）及过去分词（宾语与宾补之间构成被动关系）作宾补。

我看见那个贼上了火车，消失了。I saw the thief get on the train and disappeared ,

大厅里太嘈杂了，我说话的声音无法被别人听到。There was so much noise in the hall that I couldn't make myself heard,

现在分词（短语）作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，分词必须和句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。现在分词作状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随情况等。

表示时间，作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句，有时可以在动词-ing 形式前加一个表示时间的连词，如when, 或者 ，while, 等。

转过身来，她看见一辆车开过来了。Turning around, she saw a car driving up,

 When she turned around, she saw a car driving up,

在超市购物时， 我碰到了一个老朋友。While shopping in the supermarket , I met an old friend of mine,

 While I was shopping in the supermarket , I met an old friend of mine,

完成作业后，亨利就回家了。Having finished the homework , Henry went home,

 After he had finished the homework , Henry went home,

表示原因，作原因状语， 相当于原因状语从句。

由于不知道他的电话号码， 我无法和他取得联系。Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn't get in touch with him,

Since I didn't know his telephone number, I couldn't get in touch with him,

在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。Having lived in London for many years, I almost know every place quite well,

Because I have lived in London for many years, I almost know every place quite well,

表示结果，作结果状语，相当于结果状语从句。通常放在句末，中间有逗号隔开， 表示一种自然的、顺理成章的结果。

大火持续了近一个月， 几乎没剩下有用的东西。The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable,

The fire lasted nearly a month and left nothing valuable,

他的父母在车祸中丧生，以致他成了孤儿。His parents died in the accident, leaving him an orphan,

表示条件，作条件状语， 相当于条件状语从句。

如果你更细心点， 就会少犯错误。Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes,

If you are more careful, you can make fewer mistakes,

努力工作，你会成功的。Working hard, you will succeed,

If you work hard, you will succeed,

表示让步，作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句，有时分词前可带有连词although, 或者even if,或者 even though,

虽然承认你所说的话，但我仍然认为你错了。Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong,

Although I admit what you say, I still think you are wrong,

尽管重复了许多次，老师还是无法让学生理解他自己所说的话。Although repeating his words many times, the teacher couldn't make his students understand,

Although the teacher repeated his words many times, the teacher couldn't make his students understand,

分词短语表示方式、伴随或补充说明时，常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。 一般情况下，分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，常置于句末，可以用并列句来转换。

我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。I stood by the door, not daring to say a word,

I stood by the door and didn't dare to say a word,

他左顾右盼地在街上走着。He was walking along the street, looking this and that,

He was walking along the street and looked this and that,

人们听到屈原的死讯后，在江上来来回回地寻找他的尸体。 When people heard about Qu Yuan's death , they sailed up and down the river searching for his body,

When people heard about Qu Yuan's death , they sailed up and down the river and searched for his body,

现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性。当分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般式。当现在分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生时，用分词的完成式。

因为没听出这个人的声音，他没把自己的地址给他Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address,

因为没收到父亲的信，他决定打个电话给父亲Not having received his father's letter, he decided to make a call to him,

有时现在分词（短语） 有自己的逻辑主语，它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，称之为独立主格结构。

由于是假期，所有的商店都关门了。It being a holiday , all the shops were shut,

下课了，孩子们可以踢足球了。Class being over, children could play football,

一般来说generally speaking,

坦白来说frankly speaking,

honesty speaking,

确切，严格来说exactly speaking,

properly speaking,

从 判断judging by,

judging from,

考虑到considering,

假设supposing,

因为；鉴于；由于Seeing,

一般来说，中国人爱喝茶而不爱喝咖啡。Generally speaking , the Chinese prefer tea to coffee,

从他的口音判断，他是南方人。Judging from his accent , he is from the south,

肢体语言与非言语交际Body Language and Non-verbal Communication,

 意识到的；自觉的conscious,

种类variety,

不同的varied,

 各种各样的various,

 非正式的informal,

 传统的traditional,

传统tradition,

威胁threaten,

 表现；表演；运行perform,

 判断 裁判；法官judge,

 平等的 equal,

 等于be equal to,

 社会society,

 感染infect,

 感染；影响infection,

保持警惕on guard,

 达成协议；做成交易make a deal,

 举起，耽误，阻止hold up,

举起lift up,

 暴露give away,

 一上一下地up and down,

偶然地by accident,

 向 问好say hello to,

打开switch on,

 与 握手shake hands with,

 在远处in the distance,

 变成空白go blank,

 请求某人帮忙ask somebody a favor,

 从 到 不同vary from,  to,

 各种各样的a variety of,

varieties of,

 给出 的理由give the reason for,

 想起think of,

 尊敬地in respect,

对 粗鲁be rude to,

 应某人的要求at somebody's request,

at the request of somebody,

被卷入be involved in,

 因为某事感谢某人thank somebody for something,

touch,或者hit +somebody +介词+the+身体部位

 意识到be conscious of,

 没意识到be unconscious of,

要求某人做某事 make a request that somebody do,

make a request that somebody should do,

 包含；涉及involve,

 使某人参与某事involve somebody in something,

involve somebody in doing something,

卷入；陷入；专注于be involved in,

get involved in,

 和 有关be involved with,

get involved with,

尽量多让些孩子参与游戏。Try to involve as many children as possible in the game,

他专心致志地制定计划。He was involved in working out the plan,

债务危机the debt crisis,

欧洲国家陷入了债务危机。European countries got involved in the debt crisis,

坏人bad guys,

我不想让我的儿子与坏人混在一起。I don't want my son to be involved with bad guys,

 空白的，无表情的，茫然的 blank,

 变成空白go blank,

史蒂夫一脸茫然，说他不知道我在说什么。Steve looked blank and said he had no idea what I was talking about,

 空白；空白处 毫不理睬；突然忘掉blank,

我确信萨姆在公共汽车上看见我了，但他毫不理睬我。I knew for sure that Sam saw me on the bus, but he blanked me,

充满了焦虑，我在数学考试中一片空白。Full of anxiety, I blanked in the math test,

君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。The gentleman is easy of mind, while the small man is always full of anxiety,

 根据玛丽茫然的眼神，这位教授能够看出她对他所讲的内容连一个字也没有听懂。The professor could tell by the blank look in Mary's eyes that she didn't understand a single word of his lecture,

空虚的，茫然的；blank,

无辜的。innocent,

惊慌 panic,

惊慌地with panic,

 惊慌地in panic,

in a panic,

陷入惊慌get into a panic,

如果发生地震，迅速离开大楼，但不要惊慌失措。If an earthquake occurs, leave the building quickly but not in a panic,

火灾发生时，观众陷入了恐慌。The audience got into a panic when the fire started,

（使）惊慌panic,

panicked,

panicked,

 因（看到，听到） 而惊慌panic at,

如果你的头脑一片空白，尽量不要惊慌。 If your mind goes blank, try not to panic,

枪声使人群惊慌失措。The sound of gunfire panicked the crowd,

孩子们对爆炸感到恐慌。The children panicked at the explosion,

 恩惠；赞成 支持；偏爱favor,

请某人帮忙ask a favor of somebody,

ask somebody a favor,

帮助某人do a favor for somebody,

do somebody a favor,

支持；赞同；有利于in favor of,

有利于某人in somebody's favor,

我可以请你帮个忙吗？Can I ask you a favor?,

请帮忙把那盏灯关上好吗？Could you do me a favor and turn off that light?,

每个人都赞同汤姆的提议。Everyone is in favor of Tom's proposal,

兑换率the exchange rate,

今天的兑换率对我们有利。The exchange rate is in our favor today,

我姐姐反对我的建议，而我哥哥赞成。My sister was against my suggestion, while my brother was in favour of it,

 赞成,支持;in favour of,

 为了纪念;作为对某人的纪念in memory of,

 为了对 表示敬意;为纪念，为庆祝in honour of,

寻找。 in search of,

举起；延误；支撑；抢劫hold up,

 阻止；抑制（情感）；隐瞒hold back,

 别挂断电话hold on,

 紧紧抓住hold on to,

坚持；维持；伸出hold out,

 持有 的观点hold a view that,

 屏住呼吸hold one's breath,

火车因为大学延误了。The train was held up by the heavy snow,

他拼命抑制住眼泪。He struggled to hold back his tears,

将所有一切都告诉我，不要对我隐瞒任何事情。Tell me all about it, don't hold anything back,

我们的粮食还能维持多久？How long will our food supplies hold out?,

对不起，我现在必须挂断电话，该上课了，好的，我稍后再打过来。Sorry, I have to hang up now, It's time for class, OK, I'll call back later,

挂断电话;hang up,

分解,分裂；拆散;break up,

支撑;耽搁。hold up,

我们想要找到一个七人餐桌,但它们都被占用了。We tried to find a table for seven,but they were all take up,

泄露;分发;give away,

 使离开;keep away,

用尽,耗尽use up,

占据, take up,

暴露；泄露；赠送give away,

 屈服；投降give in,

 give in to,

 发出；分发；公布；用完；筋疲力尽give out,

 发出give off,