a few,后接可数名词，且要用复数形式 a little,后接不可数名词。

 我们没什么时间做此事。We had little time to do it,

 只剩下一点儿汤了。There's only a little soup left,

  他几乎没有朋友。He has few friends,

 我只离开几分钟。I'll only be away a few minutes,

little,和few,含有否定意义，表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调 少  a little,和a few,含有肯定意义，表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调 有 。

没什么人喜欢这样的东西。Few people like such things,

有些人喜欢这样的东西。A few people like such things,

 他几乎不懂英语。He knows little English,

他懂一点儿英语。He knows a little English,

little还表示 小的 。

 请接受这件小小的礼物。Please accept this little gift,

 山上有一只小绵羊。There is a little sheep on the hill,

a little,还可作副词，用来修饰形容词, 副词, 动词以及介词短语。

 他有点累了。He is a little tired,

 现在他们稍好一点了。They are a little bit better now,

 你应该走快一点。You should walk a little faster,

她才五十多一点。She was only a little over fifty years old,

how long, 多长时间 ，用来对时间段进行提问，它多用在现在完成时中，常见的答语有 for,+时间段 以及由since,构成的短语等。

你认识她多久了？How long have you known her?,

 大约5年了。For about five years,

how often, 多久一次 多长时间一次 ，对频率进行提问。常见的短语有usually, sometimes, never,等频度副词以及once a week, twice a month,等表示频度的短语。

你多长时间看你妈妈一次？How often do you visit your mother?,

一周一次。Once a week,

how soon, 再过多久 还要多久 ，多用在表示将来的句子中，对将来的某个时间段进行提问，答语为 in,+时间段 。

 他要多久才回来？How soon will he be back?,

一小时后。in an hour,

believe,后接否定的宾语从句时，通常将否定转移到主句上。

 我相信他不会赢。I don't believe that he will win,

 我相信她不会喜欢这个想法。I don't believe she will like the idea,

 你认为他会来吗?Do you believe he will come?,

我想不会。No, I don't believe so,

I believe not,

莎士比亚是一五六四年出生的，对吧?Shakespeare was born in fifteen sixty-four，wasn't he?,

 我想是的。 I believe so,

相信某人的话,believe somebody,

信任某人的为人,believe in somebody,

trust somebody,

我相信他说的话是真的，但是不相信他的为人。I can believe him, but I cannot believe in him,

other,表示泛指，没有特定的范围。它既可用作形容词 其他的 ，也可用作代词 其他  其复数形式为others,  常与some,连用。

他是一个好男孩，他总是帮助别人。He is a good boy, he always helps other people,

the other,意为 另一个 ，表示特指，一般用于两者之间的 另一个 。

  一个 另一个  。one,   the other,

她有两个儿子，一个是老师，另一个是医生。She has two sons, one is a teacher, the other is a doctor,

another,泛指三者或三者以上的其他任何一个， 再一, 又一 。

 你还要再来一杯牛奶吗？Would you like another glass of milk?,

a number of,表示 许多 ，后面接可数名词的复数，相当于many,作主语时，主语不是number,而是of,后面的复数名词，故谓语动词应该用复数形式。number,前面可以用large, great,   small,等修饰，以增强或降低数量的程度，但是不能用little,来修饰。

 我有许多信件要写。I have a number of letters to write,

我们学校许多学生来自农村。A number of students in our school are from the countryside,

昨天我们班一小部分学生去游泳了。A small number of students in our class went swimming yesterday,

the number of表示  的数量 ，后面接可数名词复数。作主语时，主语是number，而不是of,后面的复数名词，故谓语动词应用单数形式。

 说汉语的人数要大于说英语的人数。The number of people speaking Chinese is larger than that of those speaking English,

我们学校学生的数量正一年一年地增长。The number of students in our school is rising year by year,

too many的中心词是many，用法与many相同，用来修饰复数可数名词。  

他有很多问题要问你。He's got too many questions to ask you,

 昨天他们买了太多的鸡蛋。They bought too many eggs yesterday,

too much的中心词是much，用法与much相同，修饰不可数名词。  

我们俩都有很多工作要做。We both have too much work to do,

她花太多钱买衣服。She spent too much money on clothes,

too much还可作名词性短语，用作宾语 也可作副词性短语，在句中用作状语，修饰动词。  

 你给我的太多了。You've given me too much,

我每天都有很多事情要做，所以我很忙。I have too much to do every day, so I am very busy,

much too的中心词是too，用法与too相同，修饰形容词或副词。

 你走得太快了，慢点。You're walking much too fast, Slow down,

 这顶帽子我戴恐怕太大了。I'm afraid that this cap is much too big for me,

外面太冷了，你最好把大衣穿上。It's much too cold outside,You'd better put on your overcoat,

all与复数名词连用时，有 所有的 的意思，与单数名词连用时，有 整个的，全部的 的意思。

又见到我所有的老师和朋友，真是太好了。It's good to see all my teachers and friends again,

我必须整天卧床休息吗?Must I stay in bed all day?,

whole的后面大多接单数名词，它一般不能与物质名词连用，不可以说the whole money，

全部的钱。all the money,

我把整个故事都告诉了他。I told him the whole story,

 全村的人都出来欢迎我们。The whole village went out to welcome us,

值得注意的是，all,与whole,在名词短语中的位置是不同的，all,用于冠词, 代词, 名词所有格或其他限定词之前，whole,则用于冠词, 代词, 名词所有格或其他限定词之后。

like是介词，后面多接名词或代词，也可被程度副词much, very much, quite,  等修饰，还可被more, most, 修饰构成比较等级。

我妹妹不太像我。My sister isn't much like me,

她希望长大以后像她父亲一样，当一名有名的厨师。She wants to be a famous cook like her father when she grows up,

as,是连词，其后多接从句或介词短语。

所有这六个学生都按照老师说的做。All the six students do as the teacher says,

这工作绝不像你想象得那么简单。The work is not so easy as you imagine,

as,作介词时 作为 ，其后多接表示职业, 职务, 用途, 作用之类的名词。

他像工人一样干活。实际上不是He works like a worker,

 他作为一名工人而工作。职业是工人He works as a worker,

 我拿我的一只鞋当锤子使。I used one of my shoes as a hammer,

 帮助某人做某事 。help somebody do something,

help somebody to do something,

 让我来帮你扛吧。Let me help you to carry it,

 他经常帮助我做作业。He often helps me to do my homework,

 为自己取用食物。help oneself to something,

 为某人取用食物。help somebody to something,

请随便吃点鱼吧。Please help yourself to some fish,

 情不自禁地做某事。can't help doing something,

听到这个消息，我不禁笑了起来。I couldn't help laughing when I heard the news,

 在某事上帮助某人。help somebody with something,

 你能帮我学数学吗?Can you help me with my math?,

注意：help作名词时，是不可数名词。

给某人看show somebody Something,

show something to somebody,

先生，可以让我看一下你的身份证吗?Sir, could you show me your ID card?,

  能出示您的驾驶证吗?Will you show me your driving license?,

Will you show your driving license to me?

show作动词时，表示 带某人到 ，送某人到  。

 你最好带她去看看我们的工厂。You'd better show her around our factory,

  我来送你到门口。Let me show you to the door,

bring,带来 , give,给, teach,教, tell,告诉, show,展示, pass,传递, lend,借出，等，（告诉老师带来了，传递给他借出的展示的东西）这类动词的间接宾语后移时，其前加介词to, 表示动作是对谁做的。

 他给了我一本书。He gave me a book,

 He gave a book to me,

史密斯先生教我们英语。Mr Smith teaches us English,

 Mr Smith teaches English to us,

buy,买, sing,唱歌, make,制作, get,去取来, cook,煮饭, draw,画等，（买制作的唱片，去取画煮好饭）这类动词的间接宾语后移时，其前加介词for，表示动作是为谁做的。

妈妈为我买了一条好看的围巾。My mother bought me a nice scarf,

 My mother bought a nice scarf for me,

 他父亲为他做了一个大汉堡。His father made him a big hamburger,

  His father made a big hamburger for him,

be interested in something, 对 感兴趣 ，其主语应该是人，而不是物。它还可以作定语，只修饰人，不能修饰物。

 我们对音乐感兴趣。We are interested in music,

 莉莉对游泳感兴趣。Lily is interested in swimming,

interest,作名词时，意为 兴趣，趣味 ，其主语为 人 或 物  interest,作及物动词时，后面要跟宾语， 使 发生兴趣，引起 的注意或关心 。其主语可以是 人 ，也可以是 物 。

 我对数学没兴趣。I have no interest in math,

 这个问题引起他极大的兴趣。This problem interests him greatly,

我将努力使他对这个问题感兴趣。I'll try to interest him in the problem,

interesting令人感兴趣的 ，可作表语，其主语通常是物，也可以作定语，既可修饰人，也可修饰物。

昨天我爸爸给我买了一本有趣的故事书。My father bought me an interesting story book yesterday,

 他是个很有趣的人。He is a most interesting man,

他们发现那部电影那么有趣，以至于又看了一遍。They found the film so interesting that they saw it again,

by,+表示交通工具的名词，泛指 乘坐某种交通工具 ，其中名词前无任何修饰语，且只能用单数。

骑象旅行很有趣。Travelling by elephant is great fun,

乘车by car,

乘飞机by plane,

乘船by ship,

乘计程车by taxi,

in,或者on,+表示交通工具的名词 , 或泛指或特指 乘坐某种交通工具 ，其中名词前常有冠词, 物主代词, 指示代词或名词所有格等修饰语，名词可以是单数或复数。

bus, train, boat, plane, ship等有厢, 有舱的名词前，用in,或on,。

我们将乘公共汽车去那里。We are going there in a bus,

We are going there on a bus,

 不要坐船来这里。Don't come here in the ship,

Don't come here on the ship,

bike,或motorbike,前，只能用介词on,。

他们骑自行车上班。They go to work on their bikes,

  她骑着她的新摩托车出去了。She went out on her new motorbike,

car,  taxi,前，多用介词in,。

我们将坐约翰的车去法国。We are going to France in John's car,

by+表示交通线路或交通线路所经范围的名词，表示 经由陆路,水路,空中等线路旅行或运输 , 其中名词为单数或不可数，其前无任何修饰语。

 我们是由陆路去还是由水路去？Shall we go by land or by sea?,

 乘飞机旅行可以节省许多时间。It saves a lot of time to travel by air,

由水路 by water,

由公路 by road,

由铁路等。by rail,

on+表示人或动物特定身体部位的名词，表示 步行或骑马，骆驼 ，其中名词只能是foot,horseback或 camelback，其前无任何修饰语。

 她通常步行上学。She usually goes to school on foot,

 我们的朋友是骑马到的。Our friends arrived on horseback,

动词+to,+地点名词 或者 动词+地点副词 。 这种动词主要是walk,步行，ride,骑车，drive,开车，fly,乘飞机，sail,乘船等。

 我通常步行上学。I usually walk to school,

 我们有时骑车上学。We sometimes ride to school,

 他们开车去了车站。They drove to the station,

杰克上星期乘飞机去那里了。Jack flew there last Sunday,

我们乘船用了五天的时间横渡大西洋。We sailed across the Atlantic in five days,

take a,或者the,+表示交通工具的名词 ，表示 乘坐  。

 你乘汽车去那儿吗？Will you take a bus to go there?,

我坐计程车到医院去了。I took a taxi to the hospital,

 汤姆常坐这趟火车上班。Tom often takes the train to go to work,

乘轮船，take a ship,

乘飞机take a plane,

 ride,骑bike,或者motorbike,或表示交通工具的动物名词。

 我天天骑自行车上班。I ride a bike to work every day,

他骑马来到了这里。He came here riding a horse ,

他骑象来到了这里。He came here riding an elephant,

spend的主语必须是人，

花费时间或者金钱做某事spend money on something,

spend time on something,

spend money doing something,

spend money in doing something,

spend time doing something,

spend time in doing something,

她花了两个小时写这封信。She spent two hours in writing the letter,

 She spent two hours writing the letter,

我花了25元买下这本书。I spent 25 yuan on the book,

cost,多指 花费金钱 。cost,的主语多是物或事，结构为 something costs somebody some money或者 something costs some money  。

那本书花了我25元。The book cost me 25 yuan,

这件大衣花了我妈妈200美元。The coat cost my mother 200 dollars,

take多指 花费时间 ，常用结构为It takes somebody some time to do something，it,作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。take,的主语也可以是某种活动，后面接宾语。

 我们花了三天时间完成这项工作。It took us three days to finish the book,

  这项工作要花费三个星期的时间。The work will take three weeks,

pay多指 花费,金钱 。pay的主语是人。

 为 而付款 的结构。somebody pays some money for something,

 她花了五元钱买这本词典。She paid five yuan for the dictionary,

上个月老板为汤姆的工作付出了报酬。The boss paid Tom for his work last month,

询问某人的职业。What do somebody do?

What's somebody?

What's one's job?,