现在完成时表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响。

一般过去时则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。

 他锁过门。He locked the door

 他把门锁上了。He has locked the door

谁开的灯？Who turned on the light?

谁把灯打开了？Who has turned on the light ?

现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，

一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。

 他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿）He has lived in Beijing for four years

 他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）He lived in Beijing for four years

过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。

过去完成时是由“ had +过去分词”构成的。

 我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake

 飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous,  He had not flown before

 你到的时候他已经回家了吗？Had he gone home when you arrived?

过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用 by, 引导的时间状语或以 before, until, when, than, 等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。

 到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。By five yesterday morning we had done that work

 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office

 他们到得比我们预料的要早。They came earlier than we had expected

 我在进大学之前就已学了五千个单词。I had learnt five thousand words before I entered the university

 旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。it rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months

在包含 before, 和 after, 的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

 在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。The train started before I reached the station  

 The train had started before I reached the station   

 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。After he arrived in England Marx worked hard to improve his English   

 After he had arrived in England Marx worked hard to improve his English

表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。

 直到那时一切都很顺利。up to that time all had gone well

 约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage

 她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。She said she had made much progress since she came here

过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在 if, 引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及 wish ,  as if, 引导的从句中。

 要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。If she had worked hard she would have succeeded

 我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。I wish I had gone with you to the concert

 那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years

过去完成时常用在 hardly    when，scarcely    when ，barely   when， no sooner    than ，等结构中，表示“刚刚就”。

 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him

 他刚到就又走了。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again

意愿，intend ，打算，mean，希望， hope， 想要，want， 计划，plan，假设， suppose, 期望，expect , 思考think , 等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。

 我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。I had meant to come but something happened

 我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。I had intended to call on you but was prevented from doing so

 他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time

一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。

过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。

 我已归还了我借的书。I returned the book that I had borrowed

 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。He didn't know a thing about the verb for he had not studied his lessons

 我在车站等了二十分钟车才来。I had been at the bus stop for twenty minutes when a bus finally came

将来完成时的构成是由“ shall + have +过去分词， will + have +过去分词”构成的。

 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter

 他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。He is somebody now,  He will not have remembered his old classmates

 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?

表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

 到这个学期末，我们将学完十二个单元。We shall have learned twelve units by the end of this term

 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom

 你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？Will you soon have finished laying the table?

在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。

 等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do

 请待车停稳了再下车。Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped

 我想你已经听说过这件事了。You will have heard of this I guess

 我相信他一定得到了这个信息。I am sure he will have got the information

完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。

现在完成进行时是由“ have been +现在分词,  has been +现在分词”构成的。

 他病了，已经卧床三个星期了。He is ill,  He's been lying in bed for three weeks

你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？Your eyes are red,  Have you been crying ？

你一直在干什么来着？What have you been doing all this time ？

现在完成进行时常和 all this time， this week， this month ，all night ，all the morning， recently， 等状语以及 since， 和 for， 引导的状语连用。

 我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently

 她整个上午都在背单词。She has been reciting the words all the morning

 这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。This is what I have been expecting since my childhood

表示动作刚刚结束

 我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。My clothes are all wet, I've been working in the rain

 他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。He is dead drunk,  He's been drinking with his friends

表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作

 这话你已经说了五年了。You've been saying that for five years

 自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher

表达较重的感情色彩

 看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了?What have you been doing to my dictionary?

 时间过得可真快啊！Time has been flying so quickly !

 今天可真是个多事的日子。Too much has been happening today