状语从句10
四. whose 的误用
1。我住在一个窗户朝南的房子。
2。这是父母死于火灾的学生。
错误1. I live in a house whose the window faces south .
错误2. This is the student whose's parents died in the fire .
分析: whose 在定语从句中作定语时,应将其放到被修饰的名词前面,该名词前不能再有其他限定词。因此句1中应去掉 window 前面的定冠词 the .句2中的 whose's 是错误的,因此应去掉“ s ”。
五.忽略标点符号的作用
1。老人有三个儿子 ,他们都是工人。
2。不要把锅拿到厨房外 ,在这种情况下您可能使房子着火了。
错误1. The old man has three sons , all of them are workers .
错误2. Don't carry the pan out of the kitchen , in that case you might have the house on fire .分析:在使用定语从句时,如果主句和从句之间用了逗号,就意味着逗号后面是一个非限制性定语从句。如果关系词出现在介词的后面,则应为关系代词 whom , whose (指人)或 which (指物),不应该为 that 或 them .
因此句1中的 them 应改为 whom ,句2中的 that 应改为 which .
六.错认先行词
1。我是唯一一个办公室里被邀请参加晚会的人。
2。你还记得在美国发生了一个可怕的地震的那个下午?
错误1. I was the only one in the office that was invited to the party .
错误2. do you remember one afternoon in America where a terrible earthquake took place ?
分析:一般来说,先行词后面紧跟着关系词,其次再跟定语从句。但有时出于意思上的需要而在先行词和关系词之间插入了其他成分。在这种情况下确定哪一个是先行词,便是正确理解句子的关键。
在句1中,先行词是 the only one 而不是 the office .因此应将 that 改为 who ,以免引起误解。
在句2中,先行词是 one afternoon 而不是 America ,故应将 where 改为 when .
七.不注重固定搭配
1。像他这样的人不能依靠。
2。他和他的弟弟上了同一所大学 。
错误1. Such person like him can't be depended on .
错误2. He went to the same university which his brother did .
分析:当先行词被 such 或 the same 修饰时,其后的定语从句常由 as 引导,因此, such as 和 the same as 是固定搭配。所以,应将句中1中的 like 改为 as ;将句2中的 which 改为 as
.八.主谓不一致
1。我 你的哥哥 有权阻止你这样做。
2。她是一个通过了这次考试的学生。
错误1. I , who is your brother , have the right to prevent you from doing that .错误2. She is one of the students who has passed the exam this time .
分析:定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
句1中的先行词是 I ,因此定语从句中的谓语动词 is 应改为 am .但当先行词是 one of 后面的 the students 时,定语从句的谓语动词常为复数形式;如果 one 前面有 the only , the very , the last 修饰,则说明先行词是 one ,定语从句谓语动词常为单数形式。因此,句2中的 has 应改为 have 或在 one 前面加修饰语 the only 或 the very .
She is the only one of the students who has passed the exam this time .她是唯一个通过了这次考试的学生。
九.与其它从句混淆
这是他住的那房子
1. This is the house in which he lives .
2. This is the house where he lives .
3. This is where he lives .
错误4. This is in which he lives .
分析:这四个句子中,前三个句子是对的。第四个句子是错的,因为 in which 不能在此句中引导表语从句。由于 in which 前面缺少先行词,因此也不能认为 in which he lives 是定语从句。
十.误用 as 和 which
1。竹子是中空的 这使它很轻。
2。我们都知道 地球是圆的。
错误1. Bamboo is hollow , as makes it very light .
错误2. Which we all know , the earth is round .
分析: as 和 which 用来引导定语从句时,它们之间的区别在于:
引导定语从句的 as 可以放到主句前面也可以放到主句后面,
而引导定语从句的 which 只能放到主句后面。
as 引导的定语从句表示“正像那样,正如”。例如: as is often the case (这是常有的事), as we all can see (我们可以看得见), as is known to all (大家都知道), as has been pointed out (正如所指出的那样), as is announced (正如所宣布的那样)。因此句1中的 as 应改为 which , which 在意思上指前面整个主句的内容,as引导的定语从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、依据、解释或评论.which引导的此类从句,是对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明,表明事物的状态或结果。是事物的状态或结果使它很轻。不是说话人对话语的看法、态度、依据、解释或评论使它很轻。故用which
句2中的 which 应改为 as .
一、as引导的定语从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、依据、解释或评论。具有下列特点:
1.as用于引导定语从句时,具有“正如……、像……、由……而知”等语义。如:
He was strongly against the plan,as could be expected.正如所料,他强烈反对这项计划。
As he hoped he would,he saw the girl.像他希望的那样,他见到了那个女孩。
2.as引导的定语从句在语义上要和主句保持一致,而which可不一定,如果语义不一致,则要用which来替代as。
He married again,as/which was natural.他又结婚了,这是自然的。
3.as引导的定语从句,其先行词可由以下词来修饰,the same /such as等。也可以由which来改写,但不可直接替换。如:
This is the same sum as was spent in that year on private motoring.=This is
the sum which was spent in that year on private motoring.这与那年用于私人汽车所花的费用相同。
4.as 引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之后,也可放在主句之前。但which只能放在主句之后。如:
As we have seen,oceans cover more than seventy percent of the earth's area..如我们所见,海洋覆盖地球百分之七十多的面积。
He seemed a foreigner,which in fact he was.他看上去像个外国人,事实上他就是。语义不一致,则要用which
5.as在定语从句中作宾语时,从句的谓语动词常是see /watch /know /hear等表示感知的动词,且谓语动词前带有情态动词can /could /may等,此外常用的动词还有say /tell /remember等。如:
It was true,as everybody could know.(这是真的,大家都知道。)
6.as在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词可以是及物动词的被动语态,也可以是be或其它连系动词。如是不及物动词,则不存在以上关系。可以说as often happens(appears)就像经常发生的那样等。
He came back yesterday,as was expected.他如期昨日返回。
二、which引导的此类从句,是对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明,表明事物的状态或结果。一般有下列特点:
1.如果定语从句的谓语是行为动词的主动语态,且关系代词在从句中作主语时,一般要用which,这时which可以用 and that改写为并列句。如:
Things then greatly changed,which surprised us.=Things then greatly changed,and that surprised us.那时事情巨变,使我们惊讶。
2.由“介词+关系代词”引导的关系分句多用于正式文体中,常用“介词+ which”,不用“介词+as”。
They tried to think of a plan by which they could finish their task ahead of time.他们试图想个计划,以便提前完成任务。
三、在与上述几条不冲突的情况下,as和which可以换用。
A horse is a useful animal,as everybody knows.A horse is a useful animal,which everybody knows众所周知,马是有用的动物。
3. This is where he lives .这是他住的那地方,
错误1. is this park where his father works ?1。这是他父亲工作的公园吗
This is what I will do . I will telephone Anna and explain .这就是我要做的。我会打电话向安娜解释。
This is all I have .这就是我的全部家当。
is this the park where his father works ?这是他父亲工作的公园吗?