定语从句3
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系副词有 when where 或 why 等。 when where why 分别在定语从句中作状语,在意义上相当于介词+ which 结构,分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。
a . when
指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school .我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 ( when = on which )
He came at a time when we needed him most .他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。 ( when = at which )
We will never forget the year nineteen forty-nine when the People's Republic of China was founded .我们永远忘不了一九四九年,那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。 ( when = in which )
B . where
指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
I recently went back to the town where I was born .我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。 ( where = in which )
I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine .我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。 ( where = in which )
What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday
你度假的那个地方叫什么名字? ( where = at which )
C . why
指原因,在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane .请告诉我你误机的原因。 ( why = for which )
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us .他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意: 无论是关系代词,还是关系副词,都在定语从句中取代了先行词,因此,先行词在定语从句中不重复出现。
【误】 This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday .
【正】 This is the book that I borrowed yesterday .这就是我昨天借的书。( that 在定语从句中取代了先行词 the book,作 borrowed 的宾语,因此,要去掉 it )
【误】 The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English .
【正】 The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English .英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。( where 在定语从句中取代了先行词 the pace,作 go 的状语,因此,要去掉 there )
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用,可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
a .限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
This is the boy who broke the window .这就是打破窗子的孩子。( the boy 是先行词, who broke the window 是限制性定语从句,明确指出 the boy 是打破窗子的那个孩子)
I have a book which teaches English grammar .我有一本讲解英语语法的书。( a book 是先行词, which teaches English grammar 是限制性定语从句,修饰 the book )
The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan .你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。(定语从句 whom you met in the hall 定先行词 the people )
B .非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语,对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。
I who am your friend will share the work with you .我是你的朋友,将与你分担这项工作。( I 是先行词, who am your friend 是非限制性定语从句,对先行词 I 起附加说明的作用)
New Concept English is intended for foreign students which is known to us all .新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的,这是我们大家都知道的。( which is known to us all 是非限制性定语从句,对主句作进一步的补充说明)
C .在下列情况下,通常使用非限制性定语从句。
1.当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。
The sun which gives us light and heat is a fixed star .太阳是一颗恒星,它给我们光和热。
Last year I visited the People's Great Hall where many important meetings are held every year .去年我参观了人民大会堂,每年许多重要会议都要在那里举行。
2.当定语从句修饰整个主句时。
Taiwan belongs to China as everyone knows .众所周知,台湾属于中国的领土。
The weather was very terrible which we hadn't expected .天气非常糟糕,这点我们没有料到。
3.当先行词是专有名词,或先行词本身指示意义十分明确时。
Mr . Joe lives in Beijing now which is quite a long way from here .乔先生现在住在北京,那里距离这儿很远。
I congratulate my neighbour whose son has just won the election .我祝贺我的邻居,他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。
四、关系代词和关系副词的选用
引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用,比较复杂除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物,所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的,以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成份外,还要根据习惯用法而定。
a .只用 who
在下列情况下,一般不能用 that 代替 who 。
1.在非限制定语从句中。
His mother who loves him very much is strict with him .他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。
2.先行词是 one anyone those 时。
One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth .一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be published .任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please .凡是反对这项计划的人,请举手。
3.在 there / here be 开头的句子中。
Here is a boy who wants to see you .有个男孩想见你。
4.先词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。
Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know .不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道它的人。
I was the only person in my office who was invited .我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。