B ．只用 which / whom

在下列情况下，一般不能用 that 代替 which / whom 。

1．在非限制性定语从句中。

The weather was very terrible， which we hadn't expected .天气非常糟糕，这我们没有料到。

2．介词后面。

关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用 which 或 whom ，不能用 that 。

He climbed up  to  the top of  a  large rock， from which he got a  good view .他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用 from where ）

Sound is  a  tool， by means of  which people communicate with each other .声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。

They asked me a  lot of  questions， most of  which I couldn't answer .他们问了我许多问题，大部分我都不会回答。

C ．只用 that

在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用 that 引导

1．当先行词为 everything， anything， nothing， all， none， few， little，一切 什么 什么  没有    等词时，

2．或当先行词被 every， any， all， some， no， little， few， much ，每一个 任何，一些，很少，没有  不   等词修饰时。

Everything that they said was true .他所说的一切都是真的。

He is  dead and there's nothing that can be  done .他死了，再也没有什么办法了。

There was little that we could do  to  help her .我们没有什么能帮助她的。

These walls are all that remain of  the ancient city .这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。

提示： something 后面可用 which 引导定语从句。

There is  something ( which ／ that ) I'd like to  tell you .有些事我想告诉你。

2．当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

The first place ( that ) they visited in  London was the Big Ben .在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

She was probably the hardest working student ( that ) I have ever taught .她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。

3．当先行词被 the very， the only 修饰时。

This is  the very grammar book ( that ) I want to  buy .这正是我要买的语法书。

Beauty is  the only thing ( that ) Emily can be  proud of  .美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。

4．当先行词为 who 或前面有 who， which 等疑问代词时。

Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense ?有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？

Who is  the man that is  standing by the gate ?站在门口的那个人是谁？

Which is  the T - shirt that fits me most ?哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？

提示：

关系词在定语从句中有三大作用

1.连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。

I gave her all the money that I had .我把我所有的钱都给了她。（ that 连接先特词 money 和定语从句 I had ）

2.替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。

The man who lives next door is  a  famous teacher .住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（ who 替代 the man ）

3.成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。

I like pictures which are painted in  the traditional Chinese style .我喜欢传统的中国画。（ which 在定语从句中作主语）

5．当先行词为人与事物或动物时。

The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered .掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。

The boy and his dog that were believed to  be  lost in  the wood were rescued this morning .被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。

6．先行词在定语从句中做表语时。

She is  no longer the sweet girl ( that ) she used to  be  .她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。

He is  not the man ( that ) he seems .他这人不貌相。

D ．关系副词与关系代词的选择

当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。

I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together .我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。（ when 作状语）

I will never forget the days which we spent together .我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。（ which 作 we spent 宾语）

I know a  place where we can have a  picnic .我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。（ where 作状语）

I know a  place which is  famous for its beautiful natural scenery .我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。（ which 作主语）

E ．关系词的省略

在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。

1．关系代词 that， which， who， whom 在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。

Are these keys  that ／ which  you were looking for？这是你正在寻找的钥匙吗？

The man who ／ that  I was sitting next to  on the plane talked all the time .飞机上坐在我旁边的那个人一直在喋喋不休。

2．以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由 in  which 或 that 引导，而且通常可以省略。

I don't like the way ( that/ in  which ) she walks .我不喜欢她走路的样子。

The way ( that/ in  which ) he answered the questions was surprising .他回答这些问题的方式令惊奇。

3．在 the time when， the place where， the reason why 结构中， when， where， why 可省略。

I shall never forget the day ( when ) we first met .我永远不能忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。

That's the place ( where ) he stayed when he was in  the country .那就是他在乡下呆过的地方。