定语从句6
最常见的有如下七种错误:
一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如:
1.误: Some of the boys I invited them didn't come .
正: Some of the boys I invited didn't come .译:我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。
析:应删去 them,因为从句的宾语是省略了的 whom, who 或 that .
2.误: The book that you need it is in the library .
正: The book that you need is in the library .译:你需要的书在图书馆里。
析:应删去 it ,因为从句的宾语是关系代词 that .二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如:
1. 误: Anyone who break the law will be punished .
正: Anyone who breaks the law will be punished .译:任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。
析:应改 break 为 breaks,因为 who 指 anyone,是单数。
2. 误: Those who has finished may go home .
正: Those who have finished may go home .译:做完了的人现在可以回家。
析:应改 has 为 have,因为 who 指 those,是复数。
3. 误: He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school .
正: He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school .译:他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。
析:应改 know 为 knows,因为 one 前有 the only 之类限定词,定语从句在意义上修饰的是 the only one,是单数,而不是复数名词 the teachers .
4. 误: This is one of the rooms that is free now .
正: This is one of the rooms that are free now .译:这是目前空着的房间之一。
析:应改 is 为 are,因为 one 前没有 the only 之类的限定词,定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数 the rooms,而不是单数 one .三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如:
1. 误: Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth .
正: Children who /that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth .译:吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。
析:应加上关系代词 who 或 that,因为从句少主语,且主语不能省略。
2. 误: The key opens the bike is missing .
正: The key that / which opens the bike is missing .译:开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。
析:应加上关系代词 that 或 which,因为从句少主语,且主语不能省略。
四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如:
1.误: The house where he lives in needs repairing .
正: The house where he lives needs repairing .或: The house he lives in needs repairing .译:他住的房子需要修理。
析:应保留 where,删去从句中的 in ,因为关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语, in 属多余。或删去关系副词 where,因为 where 在这里的意思是 in which,否则介词 in 就重复了。
3. 误: I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing .
正: I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing .或: I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing .译:我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。
析:应删去 on,因为 when 在这里的意思是 on which,否则介词 on 就重复了,或把 when 改为 which .
五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。
1.误: I still remember the day when we spent together .
正: I still remember the day that / which we spent together .译:我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。
析:应改 when 为 that 或 which,因为从句中谓语动词 spent 是及物动词,其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。
1.误: This is the house where we lived in last year .
正: This is the house which we lived in last year .译:这是我们去年住过的那个房子。
析:应改 where 为 which ,因为从句谓语动词 lived 后有介词 in ,其后少介词宾语,而不是地点状语。
六、在先行词 reason 后错用关系副词 why .如:
1.误: Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence ?
正: Have you asked her for the reason that / which may explain her absence ?
译:你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因?
析:应改 why 为 that 或 which,因为定语从句缺少主语,而不是少原因状语。
1.误: I don't believe the reason why he has given for his being late .
正: I don't believe the reason that / which he has given for his being late .译:我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。
析:应改 why 为 that 或 which,因为从句谓语动词 has given 后缺少宾语,而不是缺少原因状语.
七、误将强调句型当定语从句。如:
1.误: it was in the kitchen where the fire broke out .
正: it was in the kitchen that the fire broke out .译:大火发生在厨房。
析:应将 where 改 that,因为原句还原为 The fire broke out in the kitchen 后,在语法和句意上均成立,故此题是强调句型,而非定语从句。
2.误: Was it because it snowed last night when you didn't come ?
正: Was it because it snowed last night that you didn't come ?
译:你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来?
析:应将 when 改为 that,因为,原句还原为 Because it snowed last night, you didn't come 后,在语法和句意上均成立,故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别,现作简要介绍。
一、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例1. do you remember the girl who taught us English ?
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?
例2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time .钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例3. This is the place where he used to live .这就是他过去居住的地方。
例4. Mr . Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine .张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day .我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例1. a middle - aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much .一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例2. a five - year - old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present .一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
四、关系词的使用情况有所不同
(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。
例1.他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot .正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot .
例2.他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me .
正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me .
值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who, which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when, where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free .我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。
例2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held .他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
(二)关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom,
但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例1. This is the girl whom I met in the street .这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom .
例2. a young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress .一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom .在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who / whom,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who / whom .
例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。
误: She has a sister, that is a teacher .
正: She has a sister, who is a teacher .
(三)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例1. This is the book ( which / that ) he lost yesterday .这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
例2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found .他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。
析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。