C ．- ed 形式“独立主格结构”

与逻辑主语+动词的- ing 形式一样，如果- ed 形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用- ed 形式的独立主格结构。

The book written in  simple English， English beginners were able to  read it  .该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。

= as  the book was written in  simple English ， English beginners were able to  read it  .

The workers worked still harder， their living conditions greatly improved .由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。

= as  their living conditions were greatly improved， the workers worked still harder .

He was listening attentively in  class， his eyes fixed on the blackboard .他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

= He was listening attentively in  class， and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard .

The task completed， he had two months'leave .任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（= When the task had been completed， he had two months'leave .）

比较：

动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词- ed 形式表示动作已经结束，动词- ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried ， many things to  settle .经理看上去很着急 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式 to  settle ）

The manager looks relaxed， many things settled .许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词- ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束）

The food being cooked， the boy was watching TV .小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）

The food cooked， the boy went to  bed .饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）

二、动词独立主格结构

“逻辑主语+ being +其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词- ing 形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中， being 往往可以被省去，这种省去 being 的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。

a  ．逻辑主语+名词

Ten students entered for the competition， the youngest a  boy of  twelve.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个十二岁的男孩。（ the youngest 和 a  boy of  12之间省去了 being ）

注意：

独立主格结构中的 being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“ There being +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。

There being no bus， we had to  walk home .由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

it  being Sunday， all the offices are closed .因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。

B ．逻辑主语+形容词

He turned to  me， his eyes sleepy .他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（ his eyes 和 sleepy 之间省去了 being ）

= He turned to  me， and his eyes were sleepy .

He stood there， his mouth wide open .他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（ his mouth 和 wide open 之间省去了 being ）

= He stood there， and his mouth was wide open .

C ．逻辑主语+副词

School over， we all went home .放学了，我们都回家了。（ school 和 over 之间省去了 being ）

= School was over， and we all went home .

He sat at  his desk， his shoes off .他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（ his shoes 和 off 之间省去了 being ）

= He sat at  his desk and his shoes were off .

D ．逻辑主语+介词短语

He is  standing in  front of  the blackboard， his back towards us  .他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。

= He was standing in  front of  the blackboard， and his back was towards us  .

The new teacher came in ， a  smile on her face .新老师面带微笑走了进来。

= The new teacher came in  and she had a  smile on her face .

The teacher came into the classroom ， a  rule in  his hand .老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。

= The teacher came in  and a  ruler was in  his hand .

提示：

在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。

The music teacher stood at  the door， violin in  hand .音乐老师站在门口 手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at  the door， a  violin in  his hand .）

三、 with， without 引导的独立主格结构

介词 with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。

a  ． with +名词代词+形容词

He doesn't like to  sleep with the windows open .他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。

= He doesn't like to  sleep when the windows are open .

He stood in  the rain， with his clothes wet .他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。

= He stood in  the rain， and his clothes were wet .

注意：

在“ with +名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的- ing 形式或- ed 形式。

With his son so disappointing ， the old man felt unhappy .由于儿子如此令人失望 老人感到很不快乐。

With his father well - known， the boy didn't want to  study .父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。

B ． with +名词代词+副词

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on .所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful if  when all the lights are on .

The boy was walking， with his father ahead .父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead .