虚拟语气1
虚拟语气
虚拟语气又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。
一、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气 ( mood ) 有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
Where there is a will , there's a way .有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs ?你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?
How I missed the life in the countryside !我多么想念乡村的生活啊!
2.祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come this way , please !请这边走。
Don't make any noise , will you ?别吵,行吗?
do be careful when crossing the street .过马路时一定要小心。
3.虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were a bird , I could fly in the air .如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round .但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours !祝你好运!
二、条件句中的虚拟语气
英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。
a .真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8 we won't wait for him .如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。
If a flood happened in the past , there was usually a great loss of life and property .过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow .如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean .如果你能保持车子干净,我就让你用我的自行车。
B .非真实条件句
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:
与现在事实相反 if 条件句的谓语: were did
主句的谓: would ( could/should/might ) + do
与过去事实相反 if 条件句的谓语: had done
主句的谓: would ( could / should / might ) + have done
与将来事实相反 if 条件句的谓语: did / were
主句的谓: should do would ( could / should / might ) + do were to do
1.表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式( be 动词用 were ),主句用 should (第一人称)或 would (全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词 could , might 代替 should , would 表示情态。
If it were Sunday tomorrow , I would go and see my friends .明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。
If I were you , I should go and try .我要是你,我就去试试。
If wishes were horses , beggars might ride .如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑
I would go if they treated me like a slave .要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。
2.表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用 should (第一人称)或 would (全部人称)+ have done ,也可用 could , might 代替 should , would 。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday , I would have telephoned you .如果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。
If it had not rained this morning , I should have gone shopping .今天早上要是没下雨,我就去买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs .倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。
3.表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:
① were did
条件从句用动词的过去式( be 动词用 were ),主句用 should (第一人称)或 would (全部人称)+动词原形。也可用 could , might 代替 should , would 。
If he were here tomorrow , I would speak to him .明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。
If you dropped the glass , it would break .你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。
If she had time , she could help me .她要是有时间,就会帮我了。
② should do
条件从句中不管什么人称都用 should do ,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。
If it should rain , the crops could be saved .假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。
We would trust him if he should be honest .如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。
③ were to do
条件从句用 were + to do 。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成份很大,实现的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work , I should do it in a different way .要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come , what would we say to him 假如校长来了,我们对他说什么呢?
对比:
将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比
If it snowed tomorrow , I would stay at home .如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。
(常用形式)
If it should snow tomorrow , I would stay at home .如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。
(可能性较小)
If it were to snow tomorrow , I would stay at home .如果明天要下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性最小)
C .省略 if 的条件句
在书面语中,非真实条件句中有 were , had , should 时,可以省略 if ,而把 were , had , should 放在主语前,用倒装结构。
Were it necessary , I might go without delay .如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(= if it were necessary ......)
Had you taken my advice , you wouldn't have failed in the exam .你要是听了我的建议,就不会考试不及格了。(= if you had taken my advice ......)
Should I have time , I would call on her .要是有时间,我就去看她。(= if I should have time ......)