被动语态5
③当宾语起状语作用,表示数量、重量、大小或程度时,不能用被动语态。
This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars .这种字典价值十美元。
The case weighs twenty kilos .这箱子重二十公斤。
④当宾语是同源宾语时,通常不能转换成被动语态。
He laughed a hearty laugh .他由衷地笑了笑。
She dreamed a sweet dream .她做了一个美梦。
⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的- ing 形式时,谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。
He admitted having done wrong .他承认做错了。
He has decided to go and study abroad .他已决定出国留学。
⑥如果 enter, leave, reach 的宾语是地点、国家机关等,不能改为被动语态
He left the army in nineteen ninety-eight.他一九九八年退伍。
She entered the hall at once .她立刻就进入了大厅。
⑦另外,不可拆开的短语动词,如 take place, lose heart, belong to , consist of , change colour 发生,失去信心,属于,组成,变色等,也不能改为被动语态。
The book belongs to me .这本书是我的。
She caught a very bad cold .她患了重感冒。
必背:一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组
catch a cold 感冒
eat one's words 食言
lose heart 丧失信心
lose patience 失去耐心
make a face 做鬼脸
make up one's mind 决心
make bed 铺床
make room for 为腾出地方
keep watch 守望
keep silence 保持安静
speak one's mind 表明见解
take place 发生
take one's time 从容不迫,别着急
take office 就职
take one's leave 请假
take notes 作笔记
take up arms 拿起武器
take one's place 就位
⑧含有 would rather 或情态动词 dare 的句子,不能改为被动语态。
I would rather do it now .我宁可现在就干这件事。
He dare not do it .他不敢干那件事。
四、被动语态与系表结构
所谓系表结构,在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词- ed 形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
a .被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态。前者通常可用 by +人或 by +抽象名词表动作的执行者,而后者则一般不用。
The gate to the garden was locked by the girl .花园门被那个女孩锁上了。(被动结构)
The gate to the garden was locked .花园门锁了。(系表结构)
The tree was blown down by the high winds .那棵树被大风吹倒了。(被动结构)
The tree was blown down when we saw it .我们看到那棵树时,它已经被吹倒了。(系表结构)
注意:
少数“连系动词 be +用作表语的动词- ed 形式”也带 by 短语。
The old man was surrounded by small children .老人被孩子们团团围住。(被动语态)
Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains .桂林周围都是山。(系表结构)
We were held up by fog .我们因雾受阻。(被动语态)
The tree is known by its fruit .看到果子就知道是什么树。(系表结构)
B .系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态;而被动语态可用多种时态。
The composition is well written .这篇作文写得很好。(系表结构)
The composition is being written .这篇作文正在写。(被动语态)
C .系表结构中的过去分词可被 very, too, so 修饰,被动语态中的过去分词须用 much 修饰。
The boy was too frightened to move .这孩子吓得动也不敢动。(系表结构)
He was very excited .他很激动。(系表结构)
He was much excited by the news .他听到消息后很激动。(被动结构)
D . be +不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。
Her money is all gone .她的钱都花光了。
The honored guests are arrived .贵宾们到了。
The moon is risen .月亮升起来了。
She is grown up .她长大了。
The leaves are fallen .树叶落了。
We are prepared for the worst .我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。
E .表示“充满”意思的“ be +过去分词+ with ”结构多为系表结构。
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round .这座山终年被积雪覆盖。
The classroom was crowded with pupils .教室里挤满了学生。
The lake is dotted with fishing boats .湖里渔帆点点。
The floor was piled with old books .地板上堆满了旧书。
F . remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词+过去分词结构多为系表结构。
The matter remained unsettled .这件事悬而未决。
She felt disappointed .她感到失望。
The road became crowded .道路拥挤了。
G .句中有时间状语和地点状语时,一般为被动语态,反之为系表结构。
The bank is closed .银行现在关门了。(系表结构)
The bank is usually closed at six .银行通常六点关门。(被动语态)
He is married .他结婚了。(系表结构)
He was married in Beijing .他是在北京结婚的。(被动语态)
五、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有些结构形式上是主动的,而表达的意义却是被动的。
a .某些不及物动词的被动意义
英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态,不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候,某些不及物动词,其主动形式含有被动的意义。
When did the accident occur 事故是什么时候发生的?
Ice - cream always goes well in hot weather .冰淇淋在暑天销路好。
Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在着生命吗?
B .一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词
Class begins at eight .八点钟开始上课。
The meeting ended up with warm applause .会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。
C .一些表示“运转”意义的动词
The machine runs well .机器运转良好。
His voice records well .他的音录下来很好。
D .当 read, write, translate 等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时
动词 read, write, translate, act,读、写、翻译、行为 add, wash, wear, cook,添加、洗、磨损、做饭 lock, sell, tear, cut,锁 出售 眼泪 切 keep, feel, burn, strike, last,保持、感觉 烧 罢工 持续 等常和表示行为方式的状语连用,表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。
当主语是人时,是及物动词;
当主语是物时,是不及物动词,即用主动形式表示被动意义。
The book sells well .这书的销路很好。
My pen writes smoothly .我的笔很好写。
The play reads more easily than acts .这剧本易读不易演。
提示:
这些动词常和情态动词(多半是否定式)连用,表示被动。
His car can't move .他的车不能开了。