动词的- ed 形式作定语表示动作已完成或被动，而- ing 形式作定语表示动作正在进行或主动。
升起了的太阳the risen sun
正在升起的太阳the rising sun
开水boiled water
正沸腾的水boiling water
发达国家developed countries
发展中国家developing countries
落叶fallen leaves
正在飘落的叶子falling leaves
改变了的情况changed condition
变化着的情况changing condition
动词的- ed 形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。Seen from the tower，the city looks beautiful
When the city is seen from the tower the city looks beautiful
带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。Shown the lab，we were taken to see the library
After we had been shown the lab we were taken to see the library
经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。 Completely examined by the doctors，he went back to school right away
After he was completely examined he went back to school right away
有时动词的- ed 形式前可加连词 when 或 while 来强调时间概念。
当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。When asked why she was late for class again，she hung her head in shame
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。Once recovered，he went all out to do his work
一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。Once started，the clock will go half a month and keep good time
动词的- ed 形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。Moved by the heroic deeds，the children couldn't help crying
Since they were moved by the heroic deeds the children couldn't help crying
因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。Written in haste，her letter is very hard to read
as it was written in haste her letter is very hard to read
我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。 Excited by the new discovery，we decided to go out and celebrate
Because we were excited by we decided to go out and celebrate
为了使- ed 形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
即使受到邀请，我也不去。Even if invited，I won't go
虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。Though beaten by the opposite team，they did not lose heart
除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。Unless invited，he will not come back to the company
动词的- ed 形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
加热，水就能变成蒸汽。Heated，water changes into steam
If water is heated it changes into steam
假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。Given more time，he would be able to do better
If he was given more time he would be able to do better
与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。Compared with other professors，she was an excellent speaker
动词的- ed 形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个 though although 引导的让步状语从句。
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。Exhausted by the running，they went on running after the robber
Although they were exhausted by the running they went on running after the robber
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。Laughed at by many people，he continued his research
Even if he was laughed by many people he continued his research
尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。Questioned many times a day，Andrew kept silent over the murder
有时动词的- ed 形式作状语和动词的- ing 形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。
他因突然发热不能来上学。Suddenly seized with a high fever，he was unable to attend school
他因突然发热不能来上学。Being suddenly seized with a high fever，he was unable to attend school
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。Brought up in the countryside，he found it hard to get used to town life
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。Having been brought up in the countryside，he found it hard to get used to town life
动词的- ed 形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。The teacher stood there，surrounded by the students
The teacher stood there，and he was surrounded by the students
他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。He went into the office，followed by some children
He went into the office，and he was followed by some children
他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。They turned around and stood in the middle of the room，completely astonished
她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。She accepted the gift，deeply moved