by half . very   十分地

He is clever by half．他十分聪明。

by halves . incompletely；imperfectly 不完全地；不完善地

We do nothing by halves．我们做事从不半途而废。

He does everything by halves．他做事总是敷衍了事。

The habit of doing things by halves would make you accomplish nothing all your life．半心半意地做事会使你终身一事无成。

by hand . 手工做的

The peasants use tractors to pull the plough and milk their cows by hand．农民用拖拉机耕田，用手挤奶。

by hand . personally 亲自

The letter should be delivered by hand．此信必须由专人送去。

by heart . by memory 记住；背会

He can learn one hundred new words by heart in one hour．他一小时能背一百个单词。

by land . by a land route 由陆路

“Do you know whether she went to Shanghai by land or sea？”“By land，”he replied．你知道她是由陆路还是海路去上海的？“陆路，”他回答说。

by leaps and bounds . with long steps；very rapidly 跃进；突飞猛进

In recent years our university's enrollments have been going up by leaps and bounds．近年来我们学校的招生一直在猛增。

He made progress in English by leaps and bounds．他在英语学习上取得了飞快的进步。

by lot . by a chance procedure 由抽签决定

The study groups were divided by lot．学习小组是以抽签的方式划分的。

by means of . with the help of；by using something or some method 利用

He recovered by means of sea air and sea bathing．他通过呼吸海边的空气和洗海水浴恢复了健康。

They succeeded by means of perseverance．他们依靠坚持而成功。

The thief entered the house by means of a ladder．小偷用一个梯子进了房间。

by mistake . unintentionally；错误地

I took his book by mistake．我错拿了他的书。

by name . using name . using names 就名字；凭名字

I still can't call every student in the class by name．我还叫不出这个班每个学生的名字。

I only know him by name．我只是听说过他的名字。

by nature . arising from one's nature 天生地；天性

He is by nature kind and generous．他是个天生仁慈和宽宏大量的人。

She is narrow minded by nature．她天生小心眼。

That man is proud by mature．那人天生骄傲。

by no means . in no way；not at all；of course not决不

Our government adheres to the principle that we will by no means be the first to use nuclear weapons．我国政府坚持在任何情况下决不首先使用核武器的原则。

I am by no means interested in the work．我对这件工作一点也不感兴趣。

He will by no means lend you the money．他决不会把钱借给你的。

by oneself . without help；alone 独自地；单独地

She felt very sad and lonely by herself．她独自一人感到忧伤寂寞。

He painted the door by himself．他自己把门漆好了。

by the day .  按日（计工等）

They are paid not by the day but by the month．他们是按月而不是按天计酬的。

The secretary works so hard that her working time can hardly be counted by the day．这位秘书工作十分努力，她的工作时间很难按天数来计算。

by the way . incidentally；in passing 顺便提一下

by the way，what was she doing when you saw her this morning？顺便问一下，你今天上午看见她时她在干什么？

by the way，have you seen Harry recently？顺便问一下，你最近见到哈利了吗？

by turns . one after another；in order 轮流；按顺序

The two brothers looked after their sick mother by turns．兄弟俩轮流照看生病的母亲。

She was laughing and crying by turns for nearly half an hour．她一会儿哭，一会儿笑，差不多有半个小时。

by virtue of . because of；by reason of 因为；由于

He rose high in society by virtue of his talent and learning．他因其才华和学识而飞黄腾达。

He was promoted by virtue of his abilities．他凭他的能力而获得了提升。

They won the day，but only by virtue of hard fighting．他们完全是靠艰苦奋斗才获胜的。

by way of . via 经由

She went to Canada by way of Shanghai．她经过上海去加拿大。

by way of . as a kind of；in the way of 当作

He said something by way of greeting．他说了几句话表示欢迎。

I offered her a pair of shoes by way of thanks．我送她一双鞋以表谢意。

by way of a present，he sent her a lovely cat and its small house．作为礼物，他送给她一只可爱的小猫以及它住的小屋。